Contents
Executive summary
1. A framework for formulation
Aim
Background
- Bullying
- Types of bullying
- Who does it involve?
Introduction to the model
- Age and UK cleft-care audit points
- Major life events including treatment and tasks related to life stages
- Theoretical issues
- General theories
- Theories related to developmental stages
- Context
- Interventions
2. Birth and early infancy
Antenatal diagnosis
Birth
- Key issues and events
- Primary psychological interventions
- Key issues and events
- Primary psychological interventions
Post-birth
- Key issues and events
- Primary psychological interventions
Guidance box
3. Pre-school and nursery/school entry
Key issues and events
- Nursery/school entry
- Separation and attachment
- Social skills and empathy
- New friendships
- Self-awareness
Primary psychological interventions
- Supporting parents
- Choosing and informing schools
- Developmental assessment and Statementing
- Behaviour interventions
- Systemic factors within the family
Guidance box
4. Junior school and middle childhood
Key issues and events
- Ongoing treatment
- Cognitive development and education
- Group identity and play
- Friendships
- Teasing
- Transition to secondary school
Primary psychological interventions
- Cognitive assessment
- Information and empowerment
- Cognitive behaviour therapy
- Social skills training
- 'Toolkit' of behaviour strategies
- Transition groups
- Empowering parents
- Supporting and advising schools
Guidance box
5. Adolescence
Key issues and events
- Adolescent with a cleft lip and/or palate
- Appearance
- Relationships
- Shame
- Identity formation
- Gaining independence
- Resilience
- Protective factors
- Vulnerability factors
Primary psychological interventions
- Working with school
- Social skills
- Individual psychological interventions
- Cognitive behaviour therapy
- Narrative therapy
- Guidance box
6. Transition to adulthood
Key issues and events
- The challenge of transition
- Graduating from treatment
- Genetic implications for long-term relationships
- Self-worth
Primary psychological interventions
Coping strategies/social skills
- Information, CBT and challenging unhelpful beliefs
- Longer term person-centred/psychotherapeutic work on self-worth
Guidance box
7. Guidelines for future research
8. Concluding comments
9. Appendices - Suggested checklists
1 Birth and Infancy
2 Preschool and school entry
3 Junior school and middle childhood
4 Adolescence
5 Transition to adulthood
10. References
Additional reading